International Association of Educators   |  ISSN: 1949-4270   |  e-ISSN: 1949-4289
Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research
International Association of Educators

Original article | Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 2020, Vol. 15(3) 233-248

A Validity and Reliability Study of the Scale for Attitude Towards Classroom as a Learning Environment

Filiz Çetin, Özden Demirkan & Şaban Çetin

pp. 233 - 248   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2020.270.11   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2005-03-0005.R1

Published online: September 24, 2020  |   Number of Views: 357  |  Number of Download: 697

Save PDF

Abstract

This study aims to develop an attitude scale that will reveal preservice teachers’ attitudes towards classroom as an educational environment. Two references were applied in the process of writing the items to be included in the draft form of the scale: relevant literature and students’ opinions. 50 items were written in line with these two references, but upon the experts’ suggestions necessary corrections were taken into consideration and a draft form with 45 items was developed. Draft form of the scale was applied to a total of 473 students consisting of 361 females and 112 males who were studying at different levels of various teaching programs in the fall term of 2019-2020 academic year at Gazi Faculty of Education in Gazi University. Validity and Reliability analyses were done on the set of data obtained through the application of draft form. On the set of obtained data, exploratory data analysis (EDA) was carried out first for construct validity and then confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. Exploratory data analysis (n1=263) and confirmatory factor analysis (n2=210) were performed in two separate groups. The results of exploratory data analysis (EDA) revealed that the scale consisted of 32 items and 4 sub-dimensions. Factor patterns formed by the items of attitude in the scale were named “Classroom as a boring learning environment”, “Classroom as a positive learning environment”, “Classroom as a peaceful environment” and “Classroom as a necessary learning environment” respectively. It was observed that this four-factor structure which constituted the scale explained 62.49% of the total variance of the scale. According to the results of the reliability analysis of the scale, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was found .96, and for other sub-factors in the scale it was found .95, .90, .88, and .84 respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis which was conducted following exploratory data analysis revealed that adaptive values regarding the model were RMSEA, .066; χ2/df=2.1; SRMR=.05; IFI=.91; CFI=.91. These values regarding the scale which were obtained as a result of confirmatory analysis show that the structure of the scale was confirmed. 

Keywords: Learning, Learning Environment, Classroom, Developing Attitude Scale

How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Cetin, F., Demirkan, O. & Cetin, S. (2020). A Validity and Reliability Study of the Scale for Attitude Towards Classroom as a Learning Environment . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(3), 233-248. doi: 10.29329/epasr.2020.270.11

Harvard
Cetin, F., Demirkan, O. and Cetin, S. (2020). A Validity and Reliability Study of the Scale for Attitude Towards Classroom as a Learning Environment . Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(3), pp. 233-248.

Chicago 16th edition
Cetin, Filiz, Ozden Demirkan and Saban Cetin (2020). "A Validity and Reliability Study of the Scale for Attitude Towards Classroom as a Learning Environment ". Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research 15 (3):233-248. doi:10.29329/epasr.2020.270.11.
References
  1. Acat, B. (2005). Arrangement of Learning Environment in Student-centered Education. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium of Educational Technologies, Sakarya / Turkey. [Google Scholar]
  2. Adelman, H. S. & Taylor, L. (2005). Classroom climate. In Lee, S. W., Lowe, P. A., & Robinson E. (Eds.) Encyclopaedia of School Psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]
  3. Afari, E., Aldridge, J. M.; Fraser, B.J., &  Khine, M.S. (2013). Students’ perceptions of the learning environment and attitudes in game-based mathematics classrooms. Learning Environments Research, 16,131–150. [Google Scholar]
  4. Alıcı, D. (2013). (Development of Scale for Attitude towards School: Reliability and Validity Study) Okula Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması.Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(168),318-331. [Google Scholar]
  5. Atmaca,F. (2019). The Prediction Level of Negative Attitude Towards School, School Alienation and Anti-Social Behavior on Juvenile Delinquency. Journal of Education and Humanities Theory and Practice, 10(19), 64-86. [Google Scholar]
  6. Aydın, A. (2012). (Classroom Management)  Sınıf Yönetimi. 15. Baskı, Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bentler P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Bostancı, A.B. (2009). (Structure and Characteristics of Turkish National Education System) Türk milli eğitim sisteminin yapısı ve özellikleri. (Ed), Nevin Saylan. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  9. Blum, R. (2005). School connectedness: Improving the lives of students. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2. bs.). New York: The Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
  11. Bursalıoğlu, Z. (1991). (New Structure and Behaviour in School Management)  Okul yönetiminde yeni yapı ve davranış. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  12. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). (A Handbook of Data Analysis for Social Sciences) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, 6. Baskı, Ankara: Pagem Yayıncılık.  [Google Scholar]
  13. Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. The USA: Plenum. [Google Scholar]
  14. Cheng, S. T., Chan, A. C. M. (2003). The Development of a Brief Measure of School Attitude. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(6), 1060-1070. [Google Scholar]
  15. Cohen, R.J., & Swerdlik, M.E. (2013). (Psychological testing and assessment, an introduction of test and measurement) Psikolojik test ve değerlendirme, testler ve ölçmeye giriş. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  16. Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [Google Scholar]
  17. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). (Multivariate Statistics for Social Sciences) Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi [Google Scholar]
  18. Demirtaş, H. (2012). (Basics of Classroom Management) Sınıf yönetimin temelleri. (7. Baskı) (Ed), H.Kıran. Etkili sınıf yönetimi içinde.Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  19. DeVellis, R.F. (2014). (Scale Development, Theory and Practice) Ölçek geliştirme, kuram ve uygulamalar (Çev.Ed. Tarık Totan). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık [Google Scholar]
  20. Dorman, J. P. (2001). Associations between classroom environment and academic efficacy. Learning Environments Research, 4(3), 243-257. [Google Scholar]
  21. Dorman,J.P.,Aldridge,J.M., & Fraser,B.J.(2006). Using students’ assessment of classroom environment to develop a typology of secondary school classrooms. International Education Journal, 7(7), 906-915. [Google Scholar]
  22. Erden, M. (1998). (Introduction to Teaching as a Profession) Öğretmenlik mesleğine giriş. İstanbul: Alkım Yayınları. [Google Scholar]
  23. Erkman, F., Caner, A., Sart, Z.H., Börkan, B., & Şahan, K. (2010). Influence of Perceived Teacher Acceptance, Self-Concept, and School Attitude on Academic Achievement of School-Age Children in Turkey. Cross-Cultural Research, 44(3), 295-309. [Google Scholar]
  24. Eryaman, M. Y. (2007). From reflective practice to practical wisdom: Toward a post-foundational teacher education. International Journal of Progressive Education, 3(1), 87-107. [Google Scholar]
  25. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4. edition). London: Sage. [Google Scholar]
  26. Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1982). Predicting students’ outcomes from their perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 498–518. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019004498 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  27. Gillen, A., Wright, A., & Spink, L. (2011). Student perceptions of a positive climate for learning: A case study. Educational Psychology in Practice, 27, 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02667363.2011.549355 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  28. Goh, S. C., & Fraser, B. J. (1998). Teacher interpersonal behavior, classroom environment and student outcomes in primary mathematics in Singapore. Learning Environments Research, 1, 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:100991001 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  29. Gorsuch, R. L. (1974). Factor analysis. The USA: Saunders. [Google Scholar]
  30. Holve-Sabel,M.A., & Gustafsson,J.E.(2005).Attitudes towards School, Teacher, and Classmates at Classroom and Individual Levels: An application of two‐level confirmatory factor analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 49(2),187-202. [Google Scholar]
  31. Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. [Google Scholar]
  32. Hutcheson, G., & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist, introductory statistics using generalized linear models. The USA: Sage [Google Scholar]
  33. İlhan, M., & Çetin, B.(2014). (Comparison between the Results regarding the Analyses of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Developed by Using LISREL and AMOS Programs)  LISREL ve AMOS Programları Kullanılarak Gerçekleştirilen Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) Analizlerine İlişkin Sonuçların Karşılaştırılması, Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 2. [Google Scholar]
  34. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2008). (Human Being and People Today) Günümüzde İnsan ve İnsanlar. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınevi. [Google Scholar]
  35. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principle and practice of structural equation modelling (4. bs.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. [Google Scholar]
  36. Kline, R. B. (2005). Psychological testing, a practical approach to design and evaluation. The USA: Sage. [Google Scholar]
  37. Koçak, Ç.V., & Yıldız, R. (2019). Investigation of sport high school student’s attitudes towards school. J Eurasia Sports Sci Med, 1(2), 94-102. [Google Scholar]
  38. Küsmez, B., & Yeşilkayalı, E. (2020). Examination of Aggression Tendencies and School Climate Perceptions of Middle School Students According to Various Variables: Example of Kucukcekmece, Turkish Studies - Social, 15(1), 435-455. https: //dx.doi.org/ 10.29228/ TurkishStudies.40238 [Google Scholar]
  39. Marks, G. N. (1998). Attitudes to school life: Their influences and their effects on achievement and leaving school, Australia, Australian Council For Educational Research Ltd. [Google Scholar]
  40. McCoach, D.B., & Siegel, D. (2003). The School Attitude Assessment Survey-Revised: a New Instrument To Identify Academically Able Students Who Underachieve. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(3), 414-429. [Google Scholar]
  41. Mesa, V. (2012). Achievement goal orientations of community college mathematics students and the misalignment of instructor perceptions. Community College Review, 40(1), 46-74. [Google Scholar]
  42. Munro, B.H. (2005) Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; p.351-76. [Google Scholar]
  43. Özdamar, K. (1999). (Statistical Data Analysis via Packaged Software) Paket Programları ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir.  [Google Scholar]
  44. Özdemir,M.(2017). Examining the relations among Social Justice Leadership, Attitudes towards School and School Engagement. Education and Science. 42 (191), 267-281. [Google Scholar]
  45. Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13, 130-141. [Google Scholar]
  46. Riedler, M. & Eryaman M.Y.  (2016). Complexity, Diversity and Ambiguity in Teaching and Teacher Education: Practical Wisdom, Pedagogical Fitness and Tact of Teaching. International Journal of Progressive Education. 12(3): 172-186 [Google Scholar]
  47. Sarı, M., & Cenkseven, F., (2008). (School Life Quality and Self-Concept in Primary School Students) İlköğretim Öğrencilerinde Okul Yaşam Kalitesi ve Benlik Kavramı. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), [Online]: http://www.insanbilimleri. com adresinden 24 Ocak 2020 tarihinde indirilmiştir. [Google Scholar]
  48. Sarıtaş, E., & Çelik, K.(2013). (Primary School Students’ Tralatitious Perceptions of Classroom) İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Sınıf Kavramına İlişkin Metaforik Algıları. International Journal of Human Sciences, 10(1), 1185-1201. [Google Scholar]
  49. Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating The Fit Of Structural Equation Models: Tests Of Significance And Descriptive Goodness- Of-Fit Measures. Methods Of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. [Google Scholar]
  50. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. London: Psychology Press. [Google Scholar]
  51. Seçer, İ. (2015). (Practical Data Analysis via SPSS and LISREL) SPSS ve LISREL İle Pratik Veri Analizi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  52. Şekerci, H.(2011).Developing a questionnaire on attitude towards school. Learning Environments Research, 14, 241–261. [Google Scholar]
  53. Şencan, H. (2005). (Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioural Measurement) Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. [Google Scholar]
  54. Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). (Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling: Main Principles and LISREL applications) Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları. İstanbul: Ekinoks. [Google Scholar]
  55. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston: Allyn And Bacon. [Google Scholar]
  56. Tatar, M. (2006). (Effect of School and Teacher on Student Success) Okul ve Öğretmenin Öğrenci Başarısı Üzerindeki Etkisi. Milli Eğitim, 171, 156- 166. [Google Scholar]
  57. Tavşancıl, E.(2014). (Attitude Measurement and Data Analysis via SPSS )Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi. Nobel Yayıncılık. Ankara. 48. [Google Scholar]
  58. Thornburg, H.(1985). Early Adolescents' Attitudes toward School. The High School Journal 69(1), 31-38. [Google Scholar]
  59. Tonya R. M., & C. M. Callahan (1999). Middle School Students' Attitudes Toward School, Research in Middle Level Education Quarterly, 22(4), 59-72. [Google Scholar]
  60. Tuncer, M., Bal, S., Özüt, A., & Köse, N. (2012). (Evaluation of Learning Environments in High Schools in terms of Various Variables) Ortaöğretim kurumları öğrenme ortamlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından değerlendirilmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 85-101. [Google Scholar]
  61. Vogel, T., & Wanke, M. (2016). Attitudes and attitude change. NY: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  62. Yıldırım, İ., & Akan, D. (2018). Investigation of the Relationship between Unwanted Teacher Behaviours and Attitudes of Students towards School, Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 19(3), 88-103. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.320275. [Google Scholar]
  63. Yıldırım,H.İ.(2018). The Impact of Out-of-School Learning Environments on 6th Grade Secondary School Students Attitude Towards Science Course. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6 (12), 26-41. [Google Scholar]
  64. Yıldız,M., & Kızıltaş,Y.(2017).The Attitudes of Secondary School Students Toward School And Reading: A Comparison In Terms of Mother Tongue, Gender And Class Level.  International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 6(1).27-37. [Google Scholar]
  65. Weston, R., & Gore, P.A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719-751. [Google Scholar]
  66. Weimer, M.  (2009). Effective Teaching Strategies:  Six Keys to Classroom Excellence.  Faculty Focus-Higher Education Teaching Strategies from Magna Publications. [Google Scholar]
Download
Metric
History
Related

Volume 15 Issue 3

September 2020

All Articles

Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research

International Association of Educators.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License.
Privacy policy     |     Terms of Use     |     Use of Cookies
Creative Commons Lisansı
© 2012 - 2024 - THDSoft e-Journal Management System.